Nursing Theory Development

Although each descriptor of this kindred is defined separately, Peplau recognized that considerable overlap existed mingled with the anatomys.

During the preference phase of the soak up- longanimous relationship, the longanimous experiences a felt need and seeks sea captain assistance from the nurse. During this phase, the nurse tries to help the patient in twain recognizing and understanding the problem that he or she is experiencing. During the orientation phase, also, the nurse attempts to determine exactly what help is needed by the patient.

The entropy phase, the identification phase, is the process of developing a relationship between the nurse and the patient. In this phase, the nurse helps the patient to explore her or his feelings so that the patient can develop a purify understanding of the problems he or she is confronting. Through this process, the patient may be able to reorient her or his feelings so that the incontrovertible aspects of the patient's personality may be strengthened. This phase is call(a)ed the identification phase because the patient identifies with the nurse who is providing guidance and help to the patient.

The exploitation phase of the nurse-patient relationship is a time in which new goals for the patient are derived by the patient (with the guidance of the nurse), and in which the drive in the nurse-patient relationship shifts from the nurse to the patient. The patient gains this power by deferring gratification du

Dorothea Orem's theory of nurse is commonly known as the self-care deficit theory of treat (Chinn and Kramer, 1987, p. 190). The theory includes "(1) self-care deficit, (2) self-care, and nursing system" (Chinn and Kramer, 1987, p. 190). Orem's self-care model is an interactionist model, which implies that the whole is greater than its parts. The model provides a framework for the education and support of patients in the development of effective self-care behavior. Self-care is defined as the practice of activities by individuals which they personally initiate and perform in their own behalf in maintaining their own life, health, and well-being. The self-care model is structured around six of import concepts and one peripheral concept.

The six central concepts are (1) self-care, (2) self-care agency, (3) cure self-care demand, (4) self-care agency, (5) nursing agency, and (6) nursing system, while the peripheral concept is a set of basic conditioning factors. The Orem self-care model of nursing is apply within the nursing metaparadigm concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing.

There appears to be little reason why these four theories could not be applied simultaneously in the practice of nursing, as each tends to complement each of the others. The theories of Orem, King, and Roy provide specific approaches to the practice of nursing, while Watson's theory creates a caring spiritual environments within which nursing care may be delivered. All of these theories incorporate aspects of both behaviorism and holism, and all emphasize the concept of the person.

Imogene King's theory of nursing conceives the "patient as a personal system within the environment who coexists with other personal systems" (Chinn and Kramer, 1987, p. 191). Individual persons, as personal systems, "form groups that arrest interpersonal systems, and interpersonal systems contribute to social systems. Thus patient and nurse are comprised of personal sy
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