Movement in China

Repression has often been associated with natural disasters such as flood and famine, threatened or actual invasions by alien barbarians and periods when the central government's hold over the people has been faded by internal corruption, nepotism and decay. According to Philips (2000, May 17), "3,000 years of muniment show no concept of individual rights or exemption of expression" (p. M 1). The Economist (1998, September 19) said: "the Chinese constitution's high-minded guarantees of free speech and association are non taken seriously" (Could, p. 55).

In the 1950s, sixties and 1970s, the regime headed by Mao Ze-dong committed gross abuses of human rights and killed many millions of its citizens. Mao's mutant of Marxist Leninist orthodoxy peaked during the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s which Hsu (1990) described as "a decade of civil strife that drove the country into bankruptcy" (p. 702).

Mao died in 1979. His eventual(prenominal) successor, Deng Xiaopeng (Deng) (1904-1997), became China's undisputed leader in 1982. Deng gave overriding priority to the modernization of the Chinese economy which required access to Western engineering and trade. Schaller (1990) said Deng believed that "economic growth, not class struggle, must get under one's skin China's priority" (p. 199). Deng, however, never wavered from his belief that China must uphold to follow his Four Cardinal Principles, first an

Falun Gong, Hong Kong's boss once again unthinkingly apes

In the second phase, from sometime in late 1999 and continuing end-to-end 2000, the government's crackdown on Falun Gong gathered momentum and became more intensive.

quantify (20001, July 2) said that "a nationwide system of joint viciousness held police force, factory bosses and family members accountable" for the actions of Falun Gong members (How, p. 32). The typical modus operandi of local anesthetic police was as follows: they would enter without warning or warrant the residences surmise of harboring adherents; anyone suspected of belonging to Falun Gong and related materials was seized; at the local precincts, suspects would be placed in isolation cells where they waited to be questioned; the mocking which often took many hours was conducted usually by two police officials, one of which played 'good guy' and the other administered physical beatings; and the suspect would be coerced into signing a statement that he or she would never participate further in Falun Gong. After the suspect's release, his or her employer or family would be visited by police often, even daily, where the message of collective responsibility of these support groups for recidivism by the suspect was delivered.

NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.

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